To investigate the alleviating effect and mechanism of Polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz（PAMK）on intestinal injury induced by Salmonella enteritis in Lingnan Yellow chickens，a total of 60 one?day? old Lingnan Yellow chicks were randomly divided into four groups：Control group，PAMK??treated group（PAMK）， Salmonella enteritidis-challenged group（SE），and PAMK plus Salmonella enteritidis group （PAMK+SE）. Each group consists of three replicateswith five chicks per replicate. The Control and the SE groups were fed a basal diet， while the PAMK and PAMK+SE groups received the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg PAMK. At 21 days of age，the SE and the PAMK+SE groups were orally administered 1 mL of S. enteritidis suspension at a concentration of 1×109 cfu/mL，whereas the Control and PAMK groups received an equal volume of sterile saline. At 60 h post- challenge，duodenal and jejunal tissue samples were collected for histological examination and analysis of tight junction protein and inflammatory cytokine expression. Fecal observation showed that the incidence of diarrhea in the PAMK+SE group was lower than that in the SE group throughout the experimental period. Histological examination revealed that in the SE group，the duodenal villi were disorganized，the villus height?to?crypt depth（V/C）ratio was significantly decreased，and the crypt depth was significantly increased（P<0.05）. In contrast，PAMK treatment effectively alleviated these intestinal morphological alterations. Quantitative real ? time PCR analysis further demonstrated that PAMK significantly attenuated the SE-induced downregulation of ZO?1，Claudin?1 and Occludin mRNA expression，as well as the upregulation of IL ? 1β and TGF ? β mRNA expression. In conclusion，dietary supplementation with PAMK alleviates S. enteritidis - induced intestinal injury in Lingnan Yellow chicks，likely through the suppression of intestinal inflammation and preservation of the intestinal epithelial barrier.

【Objective】This study aimed to identify key targets through which metformin inhibits bovine mastitis using network pharmacology and molecular docking，with subsequent in vitro cellular validation of the underlying mechanisms.【Methods】Metformin?related targets were retrieved from the TCMSP database，while bovine mastitis– associated disease targets were obtained from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. The intersection of these two sets was determined using a Venn platform，and the resulting common targets were used to construct a protein–protein interaction （PPI） network. Gene Ontology （GO） functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）pathway enrichment analyses were performed via the DAVID database.Molecular docking was carried out using AutoDock software. The effect of metformin on bovine mammary epithelial cells was assessed using the CCK 8 assay. An in vitro inflammation model was established by stimulating MAC?T cells with lipopolysaccharide （LPS），and the expression levels of inflammation?related factors and selected targets genes were measured by RT qPCR.【Results】A total of 1 250 metformin ? associated targets and 2 304 bovine mastitis – related targets were identified，with 191 overlapping targets detected by the Venn platform. PPI network analysis revealed 10 key targets， including ALB，IL6，TNF，EGFR，and IL1B. These targets were predominantly enriched in the IL?17 ，TNF ，PI3K –Akt ，and NF?κB signaling pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated that metformin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of the pro?inflammatory cytokines TNF? α，IL?6，IL?1β，and IL?8，while concomitantly upregulating the anti?inflammatory cytokine IL?10. Furthermore，metformin significantly reduced the transcriptional levels of several upstream signaling adaptors/regulators（TRAF1，FADD，TRADD，TRAF6，ACT1）and decreased EGFR and ALB expression.【Conclusion】These findings suggest that metformin exerts anti?inflammatory effects in bovine mastitis primarily through stable interactions with ALB and EGFR，modulating IL ? 17，TNF and related signaling pathways. The mechanism likely involves downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression and upstream signaling adaptor transcription，together with upregulation of anti?inflammatory factor expression.

To investigate the genetic variation of prevalent feline calicivirus（FCV）strains circulating in China， ocular and nasal swabs were collected from cats with suspected FCV infection in Henan and Tianjin provinces/ municipalities for virus isolation. The isolated strains were subjected to purity，specificity，viral load and VP1 gene sequencing. The results showed that all 15 FCV isolates exhibited satisfactory purity and specificity，with viral loads no lower than 107.5TCID50/mL. Sequence analysis of the VP1 gene revealed that the nucleotide homology of the VP1 gene among the 15 FCV strains ranged from 72.8% to 99.9%，and the nucleotide homology of those strains with 18 published domestic and foreign FCV reference strains retrieved from GenBank ranges from 73.0% to 87.1%。Based on genetic differences in the sequences，these strains were classified into two genotypes，GⅠ and GⅡ，including 13 GⅠstrains（accounting for 86.7%）and 2 GⅡ strains（accounting for 13.3%）. In addition，all isolated strains displayed substantial genetic divergence from three classic GⅠvaccine reference strains. The above findings provide fundamental data for further elucidating the genetic variation of prevailing FCV strains in China and optimizing vaccine selection strategies.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of liquid fermented feed from poultry meat and bone meal （PFMB）on antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of indigenous improved sows. A total of 80 multiparous Ternary Black sows（3–6 parities）with similar body weight，consistent genetic background，and good health status were randomly assigned to two groups with 40 replicates per group and one sow per replicate. The experiment started on day 90 of gestation and ended on day 25 of lactation. The control group was fed a basal diet. During gestation，the experimental group received the basal gestation diet supplemented with fermented liquid feed（the ratio of fermented poultry meat and bone meal liquid feed to the basal gestation diet was 3.5：6.5）. During lactation，the experimental group received the basal lactation diet supplemented with fermented liquid feed（the ratio of fermented poultry meat and bone meal liquid feed to the basal lactation diet was 5：5）. The results showed that on day 25 of lactation，serum superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity in the experimental group tended to increase compared with the control group（P= 0.080）. Glutathione peroxidase（GSH?Px）activity in colostrum was significantly higher（P<0.05），and SOD activity in milk was significantly increased（P<0.05），while total antioxidant capacity showed an increasing trend（P=0.059） in the experimental group compared with the control group. Microbiome analysis revealed no significant effect on the α? diversity of the gut microbiota between the two groups；however，β?diversity analysis indicated a clear difference in community structure between the two groups. Compared with the control group，the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroidota，Muribaculaceae，Desulfovibrio，and Anaeruncus_sp_AT3 in the gut microbiota of sows in the experimental group were significantly upregulated（P<0.05）. In conclusion，liquid fermented feed from poultry meat and bone meal can effectively improve the antioxidant capacity of blood and milk，as well as optimize the gut microbial structure of indigenous improved sows，demonstrating good application potential for the high ? value utilization of poultry slaughter by?products and the health regulation of sows.

The advantages of antimicrobial peptides， including broad antibacterial spectrum， immune regulation，stable biological activity，and low resistance development，are well recognized. In this study，the effect of the antimicrobial peptide product Youtide on the growth performance of Silkie chickens was evaluated，aiming to provide a scientific basis for its application in Silkie chicken production. A total of 2，889 one?day?old female Silkie chickens were selected and assigned into three groups：a production control group （Group A），a Youtide ? supplemented group（Group B），and a blank control group（Group C），with three replicates per group and 321 chickens per replicate. At 55 days of age，production performance indexes，including marketing rate，feed intake， body weight，and feed?to?gain ratio，were recorded. During the middle and late feeding stages（35 and 55 days of age），samples were collected for the observation of intestinal tissue morphology，and the levels of short-chain fatty acids as well as the load of Clostridium perfringens in the cecum were measured. In addition，cecal contents obtained from 55 ? day ? old birds were subjected to high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the microbial community structure. At 55 days of age，the average body weight and slaughter rate of Silkie chickens in the Youtide test group were found to be significantly higher than those in the blank control group （P<0.05），while the feed-to-meat ratio in the test group was observed to be significantly lower（P<0.05）. At 55 days of age，the ratio of jejunal villus height to crypt depth in the Youtide group was shown to be significantly greater than that in the blank control group（P<0.05）. At 35 days of age，the cecal contents of acetic acid，propionic acid，butyric acid，and isovaleric acid in the test group were found to be significantly elevated compared with those in the blank control group （P<0.05）. At 35 days of age，the counts of Clostridium perfringens group in the jejunum and cecum of the Youtide test group were significantly reduced relative to the blank control group（P<0.05）. No significant differences in cecal microbial community composition at the phylum or genus level were observed among the groups. Therefore，Youtide can be recommended for large?scale Silkie chicken production，as it improves intestinal morphology，inhibits harmful pathogenic bacteria，and achieves the dual benefits of promoting growth and reducing the feed?to ?meat ratio.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome（PRRS）is a major disease caused by the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus（PRRSV）that poses a serious threat to the swine industry. This study aims to gain a preliminary understanding of the genetic variation and epidemiological characteristics of PRRSV in pig farms in the Guangxi region of China. In January 2026，tissue samples were collected from a pig suspected of being infected with PRRS at a farm in Pinggui District，Hezhou City，Guangxi Autonomous Region. The samples were tested for PRRSV，subjected to virus isolation and culture，examined for viral particle morphology，and amplified for the ORF5 gene sequence. The ORF5 amplification products were then sequenced and analyzed for genetic variation. PCR testing and sequencing confirmed that the tissue samples collected from the farm in Pinggui District，Guangxi，were PRRSV nucleic acid?positive；A PRRSV strain capable of inducing typical lesions in 763 cells（a Marc?145 derivative line）was isolated from the tissue samples；ORF5 sequence analysis revealed that this isolate belongs to the NADC30? like strain （American ? type strain）， showing the highest genetic homology （95.36% ） with the PRRSV GXHX20211106 strain，and its amino acid sequence showed the highest homology（91.0%）to the PRRSV?2 strain AP207（ALT01910）. Electron microscopy revealed that the viral particles were oval in shape，with a diameter of approximately 60 nm，which is essentially consistent with the morphology of PRRSV particles；the strain was named PG2026. This study successfully isolated a pathogenic NADC30?like PRRSV?2 strain from Pinggui District，Hezhou City，Guangxi. The findings provide reference data for studying the genetic variation trends of circulating PRRSV strains in the Guangxi region and for the scientific and rational use of vaccines.

To investigate the causative agent of exudative epidermitis in 7?day?old suckling piglets on a large? scale pig farm in Jiangmen，Guangdong Province in April 2026，skin scabs and exudates from affected piglets were collected. The isolate was subjected to systematic identification，including isolation and culture，morphological observation，biochemical identification，16S rRNA and gap gene sequencing，and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The carriage of six exfoliative toxin genes（ExhA，ExhB，ExhC，ExhD，ShetA，ShetB）was also examined. The results showed that the isolate exhibited no hemolysis on blood agar plates，appeared as Gram positive cocci arranged in typical grape like clusters under microscopic examination，and displayed biochemical characteristics consistent with Staphylococcus hyicus. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and gap genes revealed that the isolate shared 100.0% identity with reference strains of Staphylococcus hyicus，and 95.3%–97.0% identity with other staphylococci，such as Staphylococcus aureus；notably，the gap gene exhibited 99.9%–100.0% identity with representative Staphylococcus hyicus strains of both porcine and human origin. Based on these results，the isolate was preliminarily identified as Staphylococcus hyicus and designated strain GDjm 202604. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the isolate was susceptible to 11 agents， including cefazolin， ceftriaxone， enrofloxacin， novobiocin， and gentamicin； intermediately susceptible to amoxicillin，neomycin sulfate，and ampicillin sulbactam；and resistant to 12 agents， including ampicillin，lincomycin，doxycycline，and trimethoprim. Detection of exfoliative toxin genes revealed that only ExhC was positive，while the other five were negative；the ExhC gene sequence shared 100.0% identity with a strain isolated from Zhaoqing and 99.0%–99.8% identity with other domestic and international strains，indicating that ExhC exfoliative toxin is the major virulence factor of this strain. This study provides reference data for the etiological diagnosis，rational clinical antimicrobial use，and integrated prevention and control of exudative dermatitis in piglets in the Guangdong Province.

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in energy storage，endocrine regulation，and meat quality determination． With the rapid advancement of proteomic technologies， analyzing the biological functions， developmental dynamics，and meat quality -related traits of porcine adipose tissue at the proteome level has become a research focus．This paper systematically reviews recent progress in proteomic studies of porcine adipose tissue , with emphasis on the application of various technological platforms，the dynamic protein networks underlying adipose development and deposition，and the identification of key regulatory proteins influencing meat quality traits． Furthermore，future research trends are outlined to provide new theoretical foundations and targets for molecular breeding and meat quality improvement in pigs．

Cryopreservation of chicken semen is an important technique for the conservation and utilization of poultry genetic resources. It enables the efficient use of genetically superior roosters and fully exploits their commercial value. However，the instability of freezing outcomes and the poor repeatability of fertilization rates remain major challenges in this field. This article reviews key factors affecting rooster semen cryopreservation，including diluents， cryoprotectants，freezing methods，equilibration time，freezing rates，and artificial insemination procedures. The review indicates that diluents should be selected based on the pH，electrolyte balance，and osmotic pressure of the rooster semen. The straws freezing technique offers certain advantages，as the sealed system reduces contamination risk and facilitates handling.Equilibration time varies considerably among different cryoprotectants，largely due to their differential toxicity to spermatozoa. Programmed freezing，which controls the cooling rate via computer -assisted protocols，provides a more standardized approach. Furthermore，the addition of various components to the diluents and protective media has a significant effect on the fertilization rate achieved through artificial insemination. This review aims to provide a reference for the research and promotion of avian semen cryopreservation technology.

The in?depth integration of digital economy and agricultural industry has injected new momentum into the efficiency improvement of livestock and poultry breeding. As a core upstream link of the goose industry，the efficiency of goose egg incubation directly determines the overall output benefit and development quality of the industry. Based on the theory of digital economy empowering agriculture，combined with the current situation of China's waterfowl industry and the digital practice of the goose industry，this paper sorts out the internal mechanism of improving goose egg incubation efficiency， and analyzes the transformation dilemmas such as weak digital infrastructure，insufficient talent supply. The research shows that digital economy can empower the whole chain of breeding egg screening，incubation environment regulation and gosling cultivation through four effects：information， equipment，technology and industrial synergy. Relying on four efficiency?enhancing mechanisms：scale adaptation， scope adaptation，industrial aggregation and specialized division of labor，it can solve the pain points of traditional incubation such as information asymmetry and extensive operation， thus achieving efficiency improvement.Accordingly，this paper proposes specific implementation paths and guarantee measures from the aspects of whole? chain digital management and control and industrial support，so as to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the high?quality development of the goose industry.

As functional agents that modulate intestinal microecology，probiotics are increasingly utilized in the health management of companion animals. Existing studies have demonstrated that probiotics can ameliorate gastrointestinal health，regulate lipid metabolism，and strengthen immune function in dogs and cats. Moreover， probiotics exert promising effects on gut–brain axis?mediated behavioral modulation and display synergistic activities with dietary fiber and other nutrients.This article systematically reviews the strain characteristics， functional mechanisms，and updated application progress of probiotics commonly used in canine and feline health management.It further summarizes and analyzes the major challenges limiting clinical application of probiotics，including strain specificity，insufficient processing stability，and inter?individual host variability. Future research should prioritize the development of personalized probiotic formulations，the optimization of combined therapeutic strategies，and the innovation of delivery technologies，so as to advance the precise application of probiotics in companion animal health.

The Hainan Black goat is a nationally recognized geographical indication breed and an important local germplasm resource in China. To address the problems of extensive feeding management and the high incidence of diseases in Hainan Black goats during autumn and winter, this paper summarizes appropriate seasonal feeding and management practices, prevention and treatment methods for common diseases, and comprehensive strategies for disease control based on the practical conditions of Hainan Black goat production. Implementing scientific feeding management and effective disease prevention and control can significantly reduce the incidence of diseases during autumn and winter, thereby improving the production performance and breeding efficiency of Hainan Black goats. This study provides a valuable reference for the high-quality development of the Hainan Black goat industry.

In response to the problems of mixed breeds，crude dietary formulation，chaotic immunization protocols，and low standardization in management faced by small and medium?scale sheep farmers in the cold and arid region of Longxi County，and the insufficient adaptation of existing technical standards to the actual needs of these farmers，this study integrated five core technologies——crossbreeding and selection，three?stage precise nutritional regulation， programmed preventive healthcare， shed ? feeding environmental control， and lightweight digital management——to establish a standardized fattening model. Five groups were set up：Group A（Dorper♂ × Small? tailed Han♀ F1，i.e.，Dorper×Small?tailed Han F1），Group B（Dorper♂ × Hu♀ F1），Group C（Suffolk♂ × Small? tailed Han♀ F1），Group D（Suffolk♂ × Hu♀ F1），and Group E（Small?tailed Han purebred as control），with 10 weaned male lambs in each group，for a 90?day fattening trial. The results showed that the Dorper×Small?tailed Han F1 cross achieved an average daily gain（ADG）of 312 g/d，a feed?to?gain ratio（F/G）of 5.18：1，and a net profit of 798 CNY per head，generating an additional income of 163 CNY compared with the control group；the Suffolk×Small? tailed Han F1cross achieved an ADG of 296 g/d，an F/G of 5.45：1，and a net profit of 768 CNY per head，generating an additional income of 133 CNY. The morbidity rates of both crossbred groups were 10% ，lower than the 30% observed in the control group. This model，through the synergy of whole?chain technological integration and lightweight digital management，effectively lowers the operational threshold for standardized farming and provides a reference for the upgrading of the mutton sheep industry for small and medium?scale farmers in similar cold and arid regions of Northwest China.

Bovine serum is one of the main raw materials used in cell culture and vaccine production，with bovine viral diarrhea virus（BVDV）and border disease virus（BDV）being common contaminants. As both BVDV and BDV are pathogenic to pigs，the use of contaminated bovine serum in the production of swine vaccines may lead to severe consequences. Therefore，the detection of BVDV and BDV in bovine serum is of critical importance for swine vaccine manufacturers. To investigate the prevalence of these viruses in bovine serum，this study employed RT?PCR to analyze 3 477 bovine serum samples submitted between March 2021 and 2025 for the presence of BVDV and BDV. The results showed that among the tested samples，the positive rate was 3.31% for BVDV and11.79% for BDV，with a mixed positive rate of 0.20%. The highest BVDV positive rate（10.07%）was observed in 2023，while BDV positive rates were notably higher in 2021（8.45%）and 2025（43.77%）. This study provides valuable data for the screening of bovine viral diarrhea virus and border disease virus in bovine serum.

This study investigated the effects of egg weight and shape index on artificial hatching performance in captive Aix galericulata. One hundred eggs were randomly selected from Guangzhou Zoo. Egg weight，longitudinal diameter，and transverse diameter were measured，and eggs were assigned to five weight?based groups（NW1－NW5） and four shape index groups（NS1－NS4）. All eggs were incubated under identical conditions［temperature：（37.5± 0.3）°C；humidity：55%－60%］. The effects of egg weight and shape index on fertilization rate and hatchability of fertilized eggs was analyzed. The results showed that among the weight groups，the NW3 group（egg weight：43.01－ 46.00 g）achieved the highest hatching rate（57.14%）. The NS1 group（shape index：1.20 － 1.25）exhibited a fertilization rate of 100.00%，significantly higher than that of the other shape index groups. Eggs with weight below 40.00 g（NW1 group）or shape index above 1.35（NS4 group）exhibited inferior hatching performance. These findings suggest that selecting eggs weighing 43.01－49.00 g with shape index below 1.30 may improve breeding efficiency in captive Aix galericulata.